Equality (Art. 9)
- Everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law.
- Equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms. To promote the achievement of equality, legislative and other measures designed to protect or advance persons, or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination may be taken.
- The state may not unfairly discriminate directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds, including race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, color, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth.
- No person may unfairly discriminate directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds in terms of subsection (3). National legislation must be enacted to prevent or prohibit unfair discrimination.
- Discrimination on one or more of the grounds listed in subsection (3) is unfair unless it is established that the discrimination is fair.
Jump to cases for Canada, European Court, European Union, France, Germany, India, United States, United Kingdom.
Canada
Canadian Equality Rights Law
- Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia
- R v. Turpin
- Edmonton Journal v. Alberta (Procurer General)
- Douglas/Kwantlen Faculty Assn. v. Douglas College
- Weatherall v. Canada ( Attorney General)
- Insurance Corp. of British Columbia v. Heerspink
- Saskatchewan (Human Rights Comm.) v. Saskatchewan (Dept. of Social Services)
- Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) v. Saskatoon (City)
- Benner v. Canada (Secretary of State)
- Miron v. Trudel
- Thibaudeau v. Canada
- Large v. Stratford (City)
- Dickason v. University of Alberta
- R v. S (S)
- McKinney v. University of Guelph
- Sex Discrimination Cases
- Brooks v. Canada Safeway Ltd.
- Canadian National Railway Co. v. Canada (Human Rights Comm.) and Action travail de femmes
- Gould v. Yukon Order of Pioneers
- Canada (Attorney General) v. Mossop
- Janzen v. Platy Enterprises Ltd.
- Zurich Insurance Co. v. Ontario (Human Rights Comm.)
- R v. Hess R v. Nguyen
- Discrimination by Employer
- Canada (Attorney General) v. Grover
- Chiswell v Valdi Foods 1987 Inc.
- Canada (Attorney General) v. Uzoaba
- Disability Cases
- Canadian Odeon Theatres Ltd. v. Huck
- Oiumette v. Lily Cups Ltd.
- Canada (Attorney General) v. Robinson
- Quebec (Comm. des droits de la personne) c. Coutu
- Ripplinger v. Ryan
- Gibbs v. Battlefords and Dist. Co-operative Ltd.
- Eaton v. Brant County Board of Education
- Eldridge v. British Columbia (Attorney General)
- Symes v. Canada
- Sexual Orientation Cases
- Haig v. Canada
- Leshner v. Ontario
- Moore v. Canada (Treasury Board)
- Dwyer v. Toronto
- Vriend v. Alberta
- Egan v. Canada
- Canada (Attorney General) v. Mossop
European Court of Human Rights
Article 14 of the European Convention on Human rights
- �nal Tekeli v. Turkey, November 16, 2004
- Jankovic v. Croatia, November 16, 2004
- Christine Goodwin v. the United Kingdom (application no. 28957/95), July 11, 2002
- Wessels-Bergervoet v. the Netherlands, November 12 , 2002
- Salgueiro da Silva Mouta v. Portugal, 1999
- Modinos v. Cyprus, April 22, 1993
- Cossey v. United Kingdom, October 1990
- Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdon, 1985
- Belgian Linguistics v. Belgium, July 23, 1968
- K.B. v NHS Pensions Agency, January 7, 2004
- Lommers v. Minister van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij, March 19, 2002
- Silke-Karin Mahlburg v Land Mecklenburg-Vorpommen, February 4, 2000
- Sirdar v Army Board and Another, October 26, 1999
- Oumar Dabo Abdoulaye and Others v R�gie nationale des usines Renault SA, September 16, 1999
- D. v. Council of the European Union, 1999
- Marshall v. Land Nordhein-Westfalen, April 1998
- Grant v. South-West Trains Ltd., February 17, 1998
- P. v. S. and Cornwall County Council, 1996
- Cowan v Tr�sor public, 1989
- Defrenne v. Sabena, 1976
- Grant v. South-West Trains Ltd., February 17, 1998
- Marshall v. Land Nordhein-Westfalen , April 1998
France
Article 6 of the Declaration of 1789
- M. and Ms. H v. D�partement des Ardennes, n� 01NC00304, Cour administrative d'appel de Nancy, April 27, 2004
- Union Nationale Interuniversitaire v. Institut d'�tudes politiques of Paris, Arr�t n� 02PA02821, Cour administrative d'appel de Paris, November 6, 2003
- Ms Pujol, Arr�t n� 99PA02121, Cour administrative d'appel de Paris, October 7, 2003
- Ministre de l'�conomie, des finances et de l'industrie et Ministre de la d�fense v. Mme Doukour�, Conseil d'Etat, February 6 , 2002
- University Professors decision, Decision no. 83-165 DC, Constitutional Council, January 20, 1984
- Retirement Age in the Public Sector Decision no. 84-179 DC, Constitutional Council, September 19, 1984
- Decision no. 82-153 DC Constitutional Council, January 14, 1983
- Security and Liberty decision Decision no. 80-127 DC, Constitutional Council, January 19 & 20, 1981
- Decision of December 19, 1980, Constitutional Council
- Conseil des Prud'hommes, Decision no. 78-101 DC Constitutional Council, January 17, 1979
Germany
Basic German Equality Laws
India
Economic Criterion Test, the limits of reservation
- Ajit Singh Januja v. State of Punjab Air
- Union of India v. Virpal Singh Chauhan
- Valasamma Paul v. Cochin University Air
- Indra Sawhney v. Union of India Air
United States
1787 Constitution, Amendment XIV
- Adarand Constructors Inc., Petitioner v. Fredrico Pena, Secretary of Transportation
- Alexander v. Holmes Board of Education
- Barrows v. Jackson
- Bolling v. Sharpe
- Bowers v. Hardwick
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
- Califano, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare v. Webster
- City of Richmond, Appellant v. J.A. Croson Company
- Civil Rights Cases
- Dennis v. United States
- Frontiero v. Richardson, Secretary of Defense
- Griffin v. Maryland
- Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
- Hirabayashi v. United States
- Hopwood v. Texas
- Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.
- Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
- Korematsu v. United States
- Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
- Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services Inc.
- Planned Parenthood v. Casey
- Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
- Romer v. Evans
- San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
- Slaughter-House Cases
- Strauder v. West Virginia
- United States v. Carolene Products Co.
- United States v. Virginia
- Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
- Yick Wo v. Hopkins, Sheriff; Wo Lee v. Hopkins, Sheriff
- Hampson v. Department of Education and Science
- R v. Commission for Racial Equality, ex parte Westminster
- James v. Eastleigh Borough Council
- Savjani v. Inland Revenue Commissioners
- Mandla v. Dowell Lee
- Coyne v. Export Credits Guarantee Department
Wuerzburg University Key System
Comparative constitutional law links for Equality
